Table 2 Main failure modes of flexible pipes.
No. | Failure mode | Description |
|---|---|---|
1 | Collapse | Collapse of carcass and/or pressure armor due to excessive tension, excessive external pressure or installation overloads |
2 | Burst | Rupture of tensile or pressure armors due to excess internal pressure |
3 | Tensile failure | Rupture of tensile armors due to excess tension |
4 | Compressive failure | Birdcaging of tensile armor wires |
5 | Overbending | Rupture or crack of external or internal sheaths |
6 | Torsional failure | Failure of tensile armor wires |
7 | Fatigue failure | Tensile armor wire fatigue |
8 | Erosion | Of internal carcass |
9 | Corrosion | Of internal carcass or tensile/pressure armor exposed to seawater or diffused product |