Table 5 Bit error rate (in percentage) for 5 different music signals under different signal manipulations.
Robustness Test | Audio Samples (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â |
|
|
|
|
|
No signal manipulation | 1.14 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.00 |
MP3 128 kbps | 1.14 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 1.70 | 0.00 |
MP3 80 kbps | 1.14 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 1.70 | 0.00 |
4 kHz low-pass filtering | 3.42 | 3.42 | 1.14 | 5.68 | 1.70 |
Resampling at 22.05 kHz | 3.98 | 3.42 | 2.27 | 3.98 | 1.14 |
Amplitude scaling | 1.14 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.00 |
Inversion | 1.14 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.00 |
Addition of delayed signal | 1.14 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 0.57 |
Additive noise | 2.27 | 2.84 | 1.70 | 2.27 | 1.14 |
Embedding multiple (two) watermarks | 2.27 | 2.84 | 1.70 | 2.27 | 1.14 |
