From: Diffusion-controlled interface kinetics-inclusive system-theoretic propagation models for molecular communication systems
Signaling type
Period ( over 1 m)
Bandwidth (Hz)
Reference
Protein diffusion
317 years
1 × 10−10
[95]
K+ ion diffusion
12 min to traverse 5 nm ion channel
1.4 × 10−3
Proton diffusion
3.4 years
9.3 × 10−10
[96]
Calcium wave
20 h
1.4 × 10−5
[97]
Hormones (arterial blood flow)
2.5 s
0.4
[98]
