Table 1 Summary of the proposed algorithms

Step 1

Use Eq. (17) to estimate each item of the second part of Eq. (16), and average the results to obtain the initial estimate of CFO \( \tilde{\varepsilon} \) using Eq. (18).

Step 2

Use the result obtained in step 1 for channel estimation with Eq. (11) and design the coefficient of equalizer taps.

Step 3

Equalize the received signal by using Eq. (22) and estimate CFO \( {\tilde{\varepsilon}}_e \) as in step 1.

Step 4

Set the main and adjacent frequencies using Eq. (16) from step 3 and determine the frequency peak range using the iterative method.

Step 5

Search for the frequency peak ε_f in the range obtained in step 4 by inputting the new main frequency into Eq. (16).