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Table 2 The comparison result by using AVF reconstruction method and our proposed algorithm

From: A visual fingerprint update algorithm based on crowdsourced localization and deep learning for smart IoV

Feature

Reconstruction by AVF proposed in [14]

Crowdsource based algorithm

Participant

Specialist

Crowdsourced user

Periodicity

Yes

No

Location perception of the displaced object

No

Yes

Average processing time (s)

1221

2.6

Mean relocation error (m)

0.35

0.43