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Table 3 Comparison of features extracted from different gait time series

From: The impact of feature extraction and selection for the classification of gait patterns between ACL deficient and intact knees based on different classification models

Gait parameters

Feature ID and mean (std)

Mean

Std

Skewness

Kurtosis

RR

DET

ENTR

FuzzyEn

TKE

Knee angle in the frontal plane

0.42 (4.25)

2.80 (2.68)

−0.03 (0.96)

3.22 (1.45)

0.024 (0.005)

0.86 (0.02)

1.48 (0.09)

0.11 (0.06)

0.34 (0.83)

 

−0.48 (4.52)

2.90 (2.74)

0.07 (0.94)

3.22 (1.06)

0.024 (0.005)

0.86 (0.02)

1.48 (0.11)

0.11 (0.05)

0.28 (0.50)

 

(F1,*)

(F28)

(F55)

(F82)

(F109)

(F136)

(F163)

(F190)

(F217,*)

Knee angle in the transverse plane

−0.60 (16.53)

5.97 (4.57)

−0.02 (0.76)

2.71 (1.90)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.02)

1.51 (0.10)

0.17 (0.06)

3.25 (13.50)

 

0.54 (18.95)

6.19 (7.36)

0.11 (0.60)

2.43 (0.98)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.02)

1.53 (0.11)

0.15 (0.05)

3.38 (15.68)

 

(F2,*)

(F29,*)

(F56,*)

(F83)

(F110)

(F137)

(F164)

(F191,*)

(F218)

Knee angle in the sagittal plane

−22.54 (4.29)

20.09 (3.99)

−0.90 (0.21)

2.49 (0.39)

0.024 (0.005)

0.85 (0.03)

1.42 (0.18)

0.29 (0.03)

7.08 (9.91)

 

−23.07 (4.37)

19.44 (2.12)

−0.92 (0.23)

2.48 (0.51)

0.024 (0.005)

0.85 (0.03)

1.42 (0.18)

0.28 (0.03)

8.16 (6.70)

 

(F3)

(F30,*)

(F57)

(F84)

(F111)

(F138)

(F165)

(F192,*)

(F219,*)

Knee force in the frontal plane

0.02 (0.01)

0.10 (0.02)

1.39 (0.67)

5.30 (1.79)

0.024 (0.005)

0.83 (0.03)

1.32 (0.12)

0.009 (0.004)

\(3.75\times 10^{-4} (3.23\times 10^{-4})\)

 

0.02 (0.01)

0.10 (0.03)

1.38 (0.84)

5.49 (2.67)

0.024 (0.005)

0.83 (0.03)

1.32 (0.11)

0.009 (0.005)

\(\varvec{5.10\times 10^{-4} (0.002)}\)

 

(F4)

(F31)

(F58)

(F85)

(F112)

(F139)

(F166)

(F193)

(F220)

Knee force in the transverse plane

0.12 (0.04)

0.37 (0.05)

1.64 (0.31)

4.14 (1.14)

0.024 (0.005)

0.80 (0.03)

1.23 (0.10)

0.012 (0.003)

0.002 (0.001)

 

0.12 (0.04)

0.36 (0.05)

1.62 (0.31)

4.06 (1.11)

0.024 (0.005)

0.81 (0.04)

1.26 (0.11)

0.012 (0.003)

0.002 (0.002)

 

(F5)

(F32)

(F59)

(F86)

(F113)

(F140)

(F167,*)

(F194)

(F221)

Knee force in the sagittal plane

0.07 (0.06)

0.21 (0.16)

1.44 (0.69)

4.90 (8.62)

0.024 (0.005)

0.81 (0.04)

1.27 (0.11)

0.008 (0.005)

0.001 (0.001)

 

0.07 (0.06)

0.21 (0.16)

1.38 (0.75)

4.15 (1.33)

0.024 (0.005)

0.81 (0.04)

1.27 (0.12)

0.008 (0.004)

0.001 (0.001)

 

(F6)

(F33)

(F60)

(F87)

(F114)

(F141)

(F167)

(F195)

(F222)

Knee moment in the frontal plane

\(7.42\times 10^{-4}\) (0.004)

0.02 (0.02)

0.67 (1.27)

5.96 (6.71)

0.024 (0.005)

0.75 (0.07)

1.10 (0.19)

0.003 (0.003)

\(3.82\times 10^{-5}\) (\(1.27\times 10^{-4}\))

 

\(\varvec{1.96\times 10^{-4} (0.005)}\)

0.01 (0.02)

0.40 (1.31)

5.22 (2.41)

0.024 (0.005)

0.74 (0.08)

1.09 (0.20)

0.003 (0.003)

\(\varvec{2.95\times 10^{-5} (5.87\times 10^{-5})}\)

 

(F7,*)

(F34)

(F61,*)

(F88)

(F115)

(F142)

(F169)

(F196)

(F223)

Knee moment in the transverse plane

\(4.23\times 10^{-4}\) (0.003)

0.006 (0.009)

−0.29 (1.47)

6.13 (5.19)

0.024 (0.005)

0.70 (0.07)

0.98 (0.16)

0.001 (0.002)

\(4.82\times 10^{-6}\) (\(1.45\times 10^{-5}\))

 

\(\varvec{2.89\times 10^{-4} (0.003)}\)

0.006 (0.008)

−0.44 (1.54)

5.74 (5.72)

0.024 (0.005)

0.70 (0.08)

0.97 (0.18)

0.001 (0.002)

\(\varvec{4.09\times 10^{-6} (1.03\times 10^{-5})}\)

 

(F8)

(F35)

(F62)

(F89)

(F116)

(F143)

(F170)

(F197)

(F224)

Knee moment in the sagittal plane

0.004 (0.005)

0.003 (0.002)

−0.24 (0.79)

4.99 (2.31)

0.024 (0.005)

0.74 (0.06)

1.08 (0.16)

0.008 (0.006)

\(1.21\times 10^{-4}\) (\(1.65\times 10^{-4}\))

 

0.004 (0.006)

0.006 (0.008)

−0.36 (0.85)

5.63 (4.34)

0.024 (0.005)

0.74 (0.07)

1.08 (0.19)

0.009 (0.009)

\(\varvec{1.46\times 10^{-4} (2.57\times 10^{-4})}\)

 

(F9)

(F36)

(F63)

(F90)

(F117)

(F144)

(F171)

(F198)

(F225)

Hip angle in the frontal plane

−0.99 (3.62)

4.17 (1.21)

−0.10 (0.40)

2.02 (1.09)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.02)

1.53 (0.14)

0.07 (0.02)

0.33 (0.80)

 

−0.46 (3.11)

4.22 (1.13)

−0.12 (0.41)

2.04 (0.72)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.03)

1.52 (0.15)

0.07 (0.02)

0.28 (0.58)

 

(F10,*)

(F37)

(F64)

(F91)

(F118)

(F145)

(F172)

(F199)

(F226)

Hip angle in the transverse plane

4.16 (23.54)

3.35 (3.14)

0.01 (0.70)

2.81 (2.23)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.02)

1.52 (0.08)

0.129 (0.057)

4.29 (17.66)

 

− 3.17 (22.34)

3.21 (2.62)

−0.14 (0.52)

2.59 (0.80)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.02)

1.51 (0.08)

0.128 (0.059)

3.09 (14.19)

 

(F11,*)

(F38)

(F65,*)

(F92)

(F119)

(F146)

(F173)

(F200)

(F227,*)

Hip angle in the sagittal plane

2.28 (21.41)

4.24 (3.90)

−0.22 (0.25)

1.63 (0.91)

0.024 (0.005)

0.85 (0.04)

1.31 (0.24)

0.15 (0.02)

22.87 (148.84)

 

2.54 (22.29)

3.21 (2.62)

−0.20 (0.19)

1.57 (0.32)

0.024 (0.005)

0.84 (0.04)

1.30 (0.26)

0.15 (0.02)

21.96 (144.48)

 

(F12)

(F39,*)

(F66)

(F93)

(F120)

(F147)

(F174)

(F201)

(F228)

Hip force in the frontal plane

0.02 (0.01)

0.09 (0.03)

0.05 (0.98)

7.12 (4.68)

0.024 (0.005)

0.83 (0.03)

1.35 (0.08)

0.019 (0.007)

0.001 (0.005)

 

0.01 (0.005)

0.09 (0.02)

0.25 (0.76)

7.69 (3.86)

0.024 (0.005)

0.83 (0.04)

1.35 (0.12)

0.018 (0.007)

0.001 (0.001)

 

(F13)

(F40)

(F67,*)

(F94)

(F121)

(F148)

(F175)

(F202)

(F229)

Hip force in the transverse plane

0.03 (0.04)

0.37 (0.05)

1.58 (0.29)

3.95 (1.02)

0.024 (0.005)

0.82 (0.04)

1.30 (0.12)

0.012 (0.004)

0.003 (0.002)

 

0.03 (0.04)

0.37 (0.05)

1.58 (0.30)

3.92 (1.04)

0.024 (0.005)

0.83 (0.03)

1.33 (0.11)

0.012 (0.003)

0.003 (0.003)

 

(F14)

(F41)

(F68)

(F95)

(F122)

(F149,*)

(F176,*)

(F203)

(F230)

Hip force in the sagittal plane

\(1.30\times 10^{-4}\) (0.02)

0.05 (0.04)

0.12 (1.32)

4.68 (5.15)

0.024 (0.005)

0.83 (0.03)

1.32 (0.09)

0.005 (0.005)

\(6.26\times 10^{-4}\) (0.007)

 

\(\varvec{6.33\times 10^{-4} (0.02)}\)

0.05 (0.02)

−0.22 (1.27)

3.90 (1.22)

0.024 (0.005)

0.83 (0.03)

1.33 (0.10)

0.005 (0.004)

\(\varvec{1.28\times 10^{-4} (2.16\times 10^{-4})}\)

 

(F15)

(F42)

(F69,*)

(F96,*)

(F123)

(F150)

(F177)

(F204)

(F231)

Hip moment in the frontal plane

\(5.10\times 10^{-4}\) (0.001)

0.03 (0.01)

0.15 (1.39)

4.61 (4.74)

0.024 (0.005)

0.79 (0.05)

1.22 (0.15)

0.004 (0.004)

\(1.10\times 10^{-4}\) (\(6.27\times 10^{-4}\))

 

\(\varvec{9.55\times 10^{-4} (0.01)}\)

0.03 (0.02)

0.46 (1.36)

4.06 (1.37)

0.024 (0.005)

0.79 (0.06)

1.21 (0.17)

0.004 (0.003)

\(\varvec{4.97\times 10^{-5} (4.66\times 10^{-5})}\)

 

(F16)

(F43)

(F70,*)

(F97)

(F124)

(F151)

(F178)

(F205)

(F232)

Hip moment in the transverse plane

\(3.40\times 10^{-4}\) (0.001)

0.007 (0.007)

−0.16 (0.88)

5.89 (7.50)

0.024 (0.005)

0.72 (0.07)

1.04 (0.16)

0.002 (0.002)

\(1.46\times 10^{-5}\) (\(9.78\times 10^{-5}\))

 

\(\varvec{1.46\times 10^{-6} (0.001)}\)

0.007 (0.006)

−0.35 (1.00)

5.62 (3.84)

0.024 (0.005)

0.72 (0.08)

1.03 (0.19)

0.002 (0.002)

\(\varvec{7.99\times 10^{-6} (1.87\times 10^{-5})}\)

 

(F17,*)

(F44)

(F71,*)

(F98)

(F125)

(F152)

(F179)

(F206)

(F233)

Hip moment in the sagittal plane

\(9.8\times 10^{-4}\) (0.02)

0.05 (0.03)

−0.41 (0.69)

5.99 (2.80)

0.024 (0.005)

0.77 (0.05)

1.15 (0.12)

0.013 (0.007)

\(3.87\times 10^{-4}\) (0.001)

 

\(\varvec{5.45\times 10^{-4} (0.01)}\)

0.05 (0.02)

−0.21 (0.68)

6.29 (2.38)

0.024 (0.005)

0.77 (0.05)

1.16 (0.13)

0.014 (0.001)

\(\varvec{4.10\times 10^{-4} (4.67\times 10^{-4})}\)

 

(F18)

(F45)

(F72,*)

(F99)

(F126)

(F153)

(F180)

(F207,*)

(F234)

Ankle angle in the frontal plane

−2.20 (9.51)

7.24 (1.85)

0.08 (0.45)

2.16 (1.29)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.01)

1.56 (0.08)

0.14 (0.03)

1.56 (2.87)

 

1.31 (7.80)

7.44 (2.33)

−0.08 (0.37)

2.04 (0.75)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.01)

1.55 (0.08)

0.14 (0.03)

1.25 (1.10)

 

(F19,*)

(F46)

(F73,*)

(F100)

(F127)

(F154)

(F181)

(F208)

(F235)

Ankle angle in the transverse plane

1.77 (11.91)

3.78 (5.90)

0.11 (1.04)

3.83 (3.92)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.02)

1.51 (0.09)

0.12 (0.04)

2.87 (1.08)

 

−1.02 (11.60)

4.00 (8.66)

−0.07 (0.94)

3.45 (1.18)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.02)

1.52 (0.09)

0.12 (0.03)

8.71 (9.59)

 

(F20,*)

(F47)

(F74)

(F101)

(F128)

(F155)

(F182)

(F209)

(F236,*)

Ankle angle in the sagittal plane

4.63 (21.43)

11.20 (21.91)

−0.79 (0.72)

3.52 (2.37)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.02)

1.53 (0.14)

0.20 (0.05)

5.78 (3.15)

 

1.90 (16.40)

11.98 (25.22)

−0.62 (0.58)

3.04 (0.89)

0.024 (0.005)

0.87 (0.03)

1.55 (0.14)

0.21 (0.04)

9.08 (6.13)

 

(F21,*)

(F48)

(F75,*)

(F102,*)

(F129)

(F156)

(F183)

(F210)

(F237,*)

Ankle force in the frontal plane

0.02 (0.01)

0.07 (0.05)

1.13 (0.60)

6.99 (2.66)

0.024 (0.005)

0.81 (0.05)

1.26 (0.16)

0.011 (0.004)

\(2.91\times 10^{-4}\) (\(2.68\times 10^{-4}\))

 

0.02 (0.01)

0.07 (0.05)

1.03 (0.90)

6.59 (4.28)

0.024 (0.005)

0.81 (0.05)

1.26 (0.17)

0.011 (0.004)

\(\varvec{3.07\times 10^{-4} (3.15\times 10^{-4})}\)

 

(F22)

(F49)

(F76)

(F103)

(F130)

(F157)

(F184)

(F211)

(F238)

Ankle force in the transverse plane

0.16 (0.07)

0.37 (0.05)

1.52 (0.68)

4.10 (1.11)

0.024 (0.005)

0.76 (0.05)

1.12 (0.15)

0.011 (0.003)

0.002 (\(9.37\times 10^{-4}\))

 

0.16 (0.07)

0.37 (0.05)

1.51 (0.71)

4.06 (1.10)

0.024 (0.005)

0.76 (0.06)

1.13 (0.18)

0.011 (0.003)

0.002 (0.002)

 

(F23)

(F50)

(F77)

(F104)

(F131)

(F158)

(F185)

(F212)

(F239)

Ankle force in the sagittal plane

0.003 (0.03)

0.06 (0.04)

−0.19 (2.08)

8.12 (5.03)

0.024 (0.005)

0.79 (0.06)

1.21 (0.17)

0.005 (0.003)

\(1.68\times 10^{-4}\) (\(4.57\times 10^{-4}\))

 

0.004 (0.02)

0.05 (0.02)

−0.52 (2.10)

7.56 (3.13)

0.024 (0.005)

0.79 (0.06)

1.20 (0.18)

0.005 (0.003)

\(\varvec{1.19\times 10^{-4} (8.85\times 10^{-5})}\)

 

(F24,*)

(F51)

(F78)

(F105)

(F132)

(F159)

(F186)

(F213)

(F240)

Ankle moment in the frontal plane

0.002 (0.004)

0.01 (0.02)

−0.10 (1.25)

5.44 (5.52)

0.024 (0.005)

0.70 (0.09)

1.00 (0.21)

0.002 (0.002)

\(2.03\times 10^{-5}\) (\(9.41\times 10^{-5}\))

 

0.003 (0.006)

0.01 (0.01)

−0.33 (1.51)

5.38 (6.25)

0.024 (0.005)

0.71 (0.10)

1.03 (0.24)

0.002 (0.003)

\(\varvec{1.36\times 10^{-5} (3.40\times 10^{-5})}\)

 

(F25)

(F52)

(F79)

(F106)

(F133)

(F160)

(F187)

(F214)

(F241)

Ankle moment in the transverse plane

\(7.68\times 10^{-5}\) (0.004)

0.01 (0.02)

0.18 (1.78)

6.75 (3.05)

0.024 (0.005)

0.64 (0.08)

0.85 (0.19)

0.002 (0.002)

\(9.48\times 10^{-6}\) (\(4.13\times 10^{-5}\))

 

\(\varvec{5.20\times 10^{-6} (0.004)}\)

0.01 (0.02)

−0.22 (2.02)

7.25 (6.41)

0.024 (0.005)

0.63 (0.08)

0.83 (0.19)

0.002 (0.003)

\(\varvec{1.29\times 10^{-5} (5.00\times 10^{-5}})\)

 

(F26,*)

(F53)

(F80,*)

(F107)

(F134)

(F161)

(F188)

(F215)

(F242)

Ankle moment in the sagittal plane

0.02 (0.006)

0.05 (0.03)

−2.03 (0.69)

7.16 (2.30)

0.024 (0.005)

0.71 (0.08)

0.97 (0.20)

0.004 (0.005)

\(9.09\times 10^{-5} (1.92\times 10^{-4})\)

 

0.02 (0.01)

0.05 (0.03)

−1.98 (0.85)

7.09 (4.90)

0.024 (0.005)

0.71 (0.10)

0.99 (0.25)

0.004 (0.005)

\(\varvec{1.16\times 10^{-4} (2.61\times 10^{-4})}\)

 

(F27)

(F54)

(F81)

(F108)

(F135)

(F162)

(F189)

(F216)

(F243)

  1. Numbers highlighted in bold font are for ACLD leg
  2. FXX represents the feature ID
  3. \(^*\)Statistically significant difference (\(p<\)0.05).
  4. Joint angle with the unit degree, joint force with the unit N/kg, joint moment with the unit \(N\cdot m/kg\)