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Noncircular-PARAFAC for 2D-DOA estimation of noncircular signals in arbitrarily spaced acoustic vector-sensor array subjected to unknown locations

Abstracts

In this paper, we propose a noncircular-parallel factor (NC-PARAFAC) algorithm for two-dimensional direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of noncircular signals for acoustic vector-sensor array. The proposed algorithm enhances the angle estimation performance via utilizing the noncircularity of the signals, and it can be suitable for arbitrary array subjected to unknown locations and achieve automatically paired two-dimensional angle estimation. The proposed algorithm has better angle estimation performance than estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique, PARAFAC algorithm, and propagator method. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm has a lower computational complexity than the PARAFAC algorithm. We also derive the Crámer-Rao bound of DOA estimation of noncircular signal in acoustic vector-sensor array. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.

1. Introduction

Compared with traditional acoustic pressure sensor arrays, the acoustic vector sensors can measure the acoustic pressure as well as all three orthogonal components of the acoustic particle velocity at a single point in space, which brings about certain significant advantages in collecting more information on acoustics, better exploitation of beam forming, and enhancing the system performance [115]. Since the measurement model of acoustic vector-sensor array had been developed in [2], researchers mainly turned to the study on direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of incoming signals and proposed many DOA estimation algorithms, which contain Capon technique [4], propagator method (PM) [5, 13], estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) algorithms [79], root-multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm [10], self-initiating multiple signal classification MUSIC algorithm [11], hypercomplex MUSIC algorithm [12], parallel factor (PARAFAC) algorithm [15], successive MUSIC [14], as well as others [1621].

The binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and amplitude modulation modulated signals, which are called noncircular signal because their statistics are rotationally variants, are widely used in communication systems [22, 23]. As far as we know, few works on DOA estimation of noncircular signal in acoustic vector-sensor array has been reported. In this paper, we propose a noncircular-PARAFAC (NC-PARAFAC) algorithm for two-dimensional (2D) DOA estimation of noncircular signals using arbitrarily spaced acoustic vector-sensor array subjected to unknown locations. Compared with PARAFAC algorithm, the proposed algorithm enhances the parameter estimation performance via utilizing the noncircularity of the signals. The proposed algorithm can be suitable for arbitrary array subjected to unknown locations and achieve automatically paired two-dimensional angle estimation. Furthermore, our algorithm has better angle estimation performance than PM, ESPRIT algorithm, and PARAFAC algorithm.

The work in [15] links the acoustic vector-sensor array parameter estimation problem to trilinear model and derives a PARAFAC algorithm whose angle estimation performance is better than the ESPRIT algorithm. There are some differences between our algorithm and the PARAFAC algorithm. Firstly, our algorithm exploits the noncircular property to improve DOA estimation. Secondly, our NC-PARAFAC algorithm is suitable for the DOA estimation of noncircular signal, and our algorithm can be regarded as an extension of PARAFAC. Thirdly, the real trilinear model is used for NC-PARAFAC algorithm, while the complex trilinear model is employed in PARAFAC algorithm. Our NC-PARAFAC algorithm is better for the practical system. A contribution of this paper is to extend PARAFAC method to noncircular signal acoustic vector-sensor array.

The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 develops the data model, and Section 3 presents the algorithm and the complexity analysis. In Section 4, we derive the Crámer-Rao bound (CRB) of the DOA estimation of noncircular signal in acoustic vector-sensor array. In Section 5, simulation results are presented to verify improvement for the proposed algorithm, while conclusions are shown in Section 6.

The following notations are used: (.)T, (.)H, (.)−1, and (.)+ denote transpose, conjugate-transpose, inverse, and pseudo-inverse operations, respectively. diag(v) stands for diagonal matrix whose diagonal element is a vector v. D n (.) is to take the n th row of the matrix to construct a diagonal matrix. I K is a K × K identity matrix. , , and are the Kronecker product, Khatri-Rao product, and Hadamard product, respectively. Re{.} and Im{.} are to get the real part and imaginary part of the complex, respectively. E[.] is expectation operator.

2. Data model

We assume that a total of K narrowband plane waves impinge on an array equipped with M acoustic vector sensors, which are all located at arbitrarily unknown three-dimensional positions as shown in Figure 1. We consider the noncircular signals in the far field, in which case the sources are far away enough that the arriving waves are essentially planes over the array. Also assume that the noise is an additive independent identically distributed Gaussian with zero mean and variance σ 2, which is independent of the sources. The k th signal is arriving from direction ( k , φ k ), where k and φ k stand for the azimuth angle and the elevation angle, respectively. Let θ k  = [ϕ k , φ k ]T, which is the 2D-DOA of the k th source.

Figure 1
figure 1

The array geometry.

According to [7], the output of the irregular array containing M acoustic vector sensors is

p t = As ( t ) + n p ( t ) x t = A Φ x s ( t ) + n x ( t ) y t = A Φ y s ( t ) + n y ( t ) z t = A Φ z s ( t ) + n z ( t )
(1)

where A = [a 1, a 2,…, a K ], a k = [q 1(θ k ), q 2(θ k ),… q M (θ k )]T with q m θ k = e j 2 π τ mk . τ mk is the differential time delay of the k th wave between the origin and the m th sensor; s(t) contains K signals; n p (t), n x (t), n y (t), and n z (t) are the received signals from the acoustic vector-sensor array. Ф x , Ф y , and Ф z are shown as

Φ x = diag cos ϕ 1 cos φ 1 , cos ϕ 2 cos φ 2 , , cos ϕ K cos φ K .
(2)
Φ y = diag sin ϕ 1 cos φ 1 , sin ϕ 2 cos φ 2 , , sin ϕ K cos φ K .
(3)
Φ z = diag sin φ 1 , sin φ 2 , , sin φ K .
(4)

Consider that channel state information is constant during L transmitting symbols; we have

P = [ p 1 , p ( 2 ) , , p ( L ) ] X = [ x 1 , x ( 2 ) , , x ( L ) ] Y = [ y 1 , y ( 2 ) , , y ( L ) ] Z = [ z 1 , z ( 2 ) , , z ( L ) ]
(5)

We construct the following matrix X E £ 4 M × L

X E = P X Y Z = A A Φ x A Φ y A Φ z S + N p N x N y N z
(6)

where S = s 1 , s 2 , , s L £ K × L is the source matrix for L samples; and N p  = [n p (1),  n p (2),L, n p (L)], N x  = [n x (1),  n x (2), L, n x (L)], N y  = [n y (1),  n y (2), L, n y (L)], and N z  = [n z (1),  n z (2), L, n z (L)] are the noise matrices. According to noncircular property, the source matrix can be denoted by

S = ψ S 0 .
(7)

where ψ = diag e i ψ 1 , , e i ψ K with e i ψ p e i ψ q for pq. S 0 ¡ K × L with S 0 = S 0*.

3. NC-PARAFAC algorithm for 2D-DOA estimation

3.1. Data reconstruction

Expanding X E , the data matrix is reconstructed and denoted as Y ¡ 8 M × L

Y = Re X E Im X E
(8)

Via implementing some row transformations, V can be obtained and expressed by

V = Re AS + N 1 Im AS + N 1 Re A Φ x S + N 2 Im A Φ x S + N 2 Re A Φ y S + N 3 Im A Φ y S + N 3 Re A Φ z S + N 4 Im A Φ z S + N 4 = Re AS + Re { N p } Im AS + Im { N p } Re A Φ x S + Re { N x } Im A Φ x S + Im { N x } Re A Φ y S + Re { N y } Im A Φ y S + Im { N y } Re A Φ z S + Re { N z } Im A Φ z S + Im { N z }
(9)

The matrix V ¡ 8 M × L can be also expressed by

V = Re Im S 0 + Re N p Im N p Re Im Φ x S 0 + Re N x Im N x Re Im Φ y S 0 + Re N y Im N y Re Im Φ z S 0 + Re N z Im N z = V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 = A ¯ S 0 A ¯ Φ x S 0 A ¯ Φ y S 0 A ¯ Φ z S 0 + N ˜
(10)

where

A ¯ = Re Im ¡ 2 M × K
(11)

We define the matrix H as

H = 1 1 1 cos ϕ 1 cos φ 1 cos ϕ 2 cos φ 2 cos ϕ K cos φ K sin ϕ 1 cos φ 1 sin ϕ 2 cos φ 2 sin ϕ K cos φ K sin φ 1 sin φ 2 sin φ K ¡ 4 × K
(12)

The matrix V n (n = 1, 2, …, 4) in Equation 10 can be denoted by

V n = A ¯ D n H S 0 + N n , n = 1 , 2 , , 4
(13)

where D n (.) is to extract the n th row of its matrix argument and construct a diagonal matrix out of it. D n H = diag h n , 1 , h n , 2 , , h n , K £ K × K , and h m,k stands for the (m,k) element of the matrix H. The noiseless signal in Equation 13 can be denoted as the trilinear model [24],

x m , l , n = k = 1 K a m , k s l , k h n , k , m = 1 , , 2 M , l = 1 , , L , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
(14)

where s l,k is the (l, k) element of matrix S 0 and similarly for the others. The trilinear model displays the reflection for three different kinds of diversity [24]. Equation 13 can be interpreted as slicing the 3D data in a series of slices along the spatial direction. In similar ways, the model symmetry in Equation 14 allows two more matrix system rearrangements, where we have

U l = H D p S 0 T A ¯ T + N l , l = 1 , , L .
(15)
W m = S 0 T D m A ¯ H T + N m , m = 1 , , 2 M .
(16)

where N l and N m are the received noises. V n , U l , and W l are slices along the different directions when slicing the trilinear model.

Remark 1. The trilinear model with M × L × 4 is used in PARAFAC algorithm [19], while that with 2M × L × 4 is employed in our algorithm. Because of noncircularity, the array aperture in our algorithm can be regarded as two times that of the PARAFAC algorithm.

3.2. Trilinear decomposition

Trilinear alternating least square (TALS) algorithm is a common data detection method for trilinear model [24]. The detailed steps are shown as follows: Referring to Equation 10, least squares (LS) fitting can be given by

min A ¯ , H , S 0 V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 A ¯ D 1 H A ¯ D 2 H A ¯ D 3 H A ¯ D 4 H ) S 0 F .
(17)

LS update for S 0 is shown as

S ^ 0 = A ¯ D 1 H A ¯ D 2 H A ¯ D 3 H A ¯ D 4 H ) + V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4
(18)

Similarly, from the second way of slices: U l = H D l S 0 T A ¯ T + N l , l = 1 , , L , LS fitting is

min A ¯ , H , S 0 U 1 U 2 U L H D 1 S 0 T H D 2 S 0 T H D L S 0 T A ¯ T F
(19)

LS update for A ¯ is

A ¯ ^ T = H D 1 S 0 T H D 2 S 0 T H D L S 0 T + U 1 U 2 U L .
(20)

Finally, from the third way of slices: W m = S 0 T D m A ¯ H T + N ' m , m = 1 , , 2 M , LS update for H is shown as

H ^ T = S 0 T D 1 A ¯ S 0 T D 2 A ¯ S 0 T D 2 M A ¯ + W 1 W 2 W 2 M
(21)

The sum of squared residuals (SSR) in the trilinear fitting is defined as

SSR = m = 1 2 M l = 1 L n = 1 4 x ˜ m , l , n k = 1 K a ^ m , k s ^ l , k h ^ n , k 2 .
(22)

where x ˜ m , l , n is the noisy data, a ^ m , k , s ^ l , k , and h ^ n , k are the estimates of the a m,k , s l,k , and h n,k , respectively.

With respect to Equations 18, 20, and 21, the matrices S 0, A ¯ , and H are conditionally updated with least squares, respectively. TALS is quite easy to implement and guaranteed to converge. In this paper, we use the complex parallel factor analysis (COMFAC) algorithm [25] for trilinear decomposition. COMFAC algorithm is essentially a fast implementation of TALS.

3.3. Identifiability of trilinear decomposition

In this subsection, we discuss the identifiability of trilinear decomposition.

Theorem 1.[24]: We consider V n = A ¯ D n H S 0 + N n , where A ¯ ¡ 2 M × K , H ¡ 4 × K , and S 0 ¡ L × K . If k H + k S 0 + k A ¯ 2 K + 2 (k H is k-rank of the matrix H[24]), then A ¯ , S 0, and H are unique up to the permutation and scaling of columns, which indicates any other triple A ¯ ^ , S ^ 0 , H ^ that construct V n (n = 1,…, 4) is related to A ¯ , S 0, and H via

A ¯ ^ = A ¯ Π Δ 1 + N 1 , S ^ 0 = S 0 Π Δ 2 + N 2 , H ^ = H Π Δ 3 + N 3 .
(23)

where ∏ is a permutation matrix, and Δ 1, Δ 2, and Δ 3 are diagonal scaling matrices which satisfy Δ 1, Δ 2, Δ 3 = I K . N 1, N 2, and N 3 are estimation errors.

Generically, the matrices are full k-rank, and then the identifiable condition becomes

min 4 , K + min L , K + min 2 M , K 2 K + 2 .
(24)

3.4 Two-dimensional DOA estimation algorithm

For the received noisy signal, we attain H ^ = H Π Δ 3 + N 3 through PARAFAC decomposition. The matrix H ^ is processed through normalization, which also resolves the scale ambiguity, to get the matrix H . The i th column of H is h i . In the case of noise absence, h i should be

h i = 1 cos ϕ i cos φ i sin ϕ i cos φ i sin φ i
(25)

Finally, the elevation and azimuth angles are estimated by

φ ^ i = si n 1 h i 4 .
(26)
ϕ ^ i = angle h i 2 + j h i 3 .
(27)

A NC-PARAFAC-based 2D-DOA estimation for acoustic vector-sensor array is proposed in this paper. The detailed steps are shown as follows:

  • Step 1. Construct the data matrix V via Equations 8 and 9.

  • Step 2. Initial the matrices A ¯ , S 0, and H.

  • Step 3. LS update for the matrix S 0 according to Equation 18.

  • Step 4. LS update for the matrix A ¯ according to Equation 20.

  • Step 5. LS update for the matrix H according to Equation 21.

  • Step 6. Repeat Step 3 to Step 5 until convergence.

  • Step 7. Estimate 2D-DOA according to the estimated matrix H ^ .

Remark 2 Since φ ^ i and ϕ ^ i (the estimation of elevation angle and azimuth angle) are estimated via h i (the i th column of H ), the 2D angle estimation can be paired automatically.

Remark 3. Random initialization is used for the proposed algorithm, and we also employ two slices and ESPRIT algorithm to obtain the initial estimation of parameter matrices.

Remark 4. The number of sources is pre-known, and it can be estimated by some methods in [2629].

3.5. Complexity analysis and advantages of the proposed algorithm

The algorithm that we propose can have a lower computational complexity compared to PARAFAC algorithm. PARAFAC algorithm in [15] requires O(nK 3 + 4nMLK), where n is the number of TALS iterations, while our NC-PARAFAC algorithm requires O(nK 3/4 + 2nMLK). Our algorithm has a heavier computational load than ESPRIT algorithm, and the complexity of ESPRIT is O(16M 2 L + 64M 3 + K 3).

Figure 2 shows the complexity comparison among three algorithms with n = 40, K = 3, and M = 8. From Figure 2 we find that our algorithm has lower complexity than PARAFAC and higher complexity than ESPRIT.

Figure 2
figure 2

Complexity comparison.

The proposed algorithm in this paper has the following advantages:

  1. 1.

    The angle estimation performance of the proposed algorithm is better than that of ESPRIT algorithm, PM, and PARAFAC algorithm.

  2. 2.

    The proposed algorithm can be suitable for arbitrary array subjected to unknown locations.

  3. 3.

    The proposed algorithm can achieve automatically paired two-dimensional angle estimation.

  4. 4.

    The proposed algorithm has lower computational complexity than PARAFAC algorithm.

4. Crámer-Rao bound

There are some differences between the CRB of noncircular signal DOA estimation and that of circular signal DOA estimation. The parameters which are needed to estimate can be expressed as

ζ = [ φ 1 , , φ K , ϕ 1 , , ϕ K , s R T 1 , , s R T L , s I T 1 , , s I T L , σ 2 ] T .
(28)

where s R (t),t = 1, …, L and s I (t),t = 1, …, L denote the real and imaginary parts of s(t), respectively.

According to Equation 6, the output with L snapshots is rewritten as

y = x E T 1 , , x E T L , x E H 1 , , x E H L .
(29)

where x E(l) is the l th column of the matrix X E .

The mean μ and the covariance matrix Γ of y are

μ = A E s 1 A E s L A E * s * 1 A E * s * L , Γ = σ 2 I 0 0 σ 2 I
(30)

From [30], the (i, j) element of the CRB matrix (P cr ) is expressed as

P cr 1 ij = tr Γ 1 Γ i Γ 1 Γ j + 2 Re μ i * Γ 1 μ j
(31)

where Γ i and μ i are the derivative of Γ and μ on the i th element of ζ, respectively. The covariance matrix is just related to σ 2, so the first part of Equation 31 can be ignored. Then the (i, j) element of the CRB matrix (P cr ) can be rewritten as

P cr 1 ij = 2 Re μ i * Γ 1 μ j
(32)

According to Equation 32,

μ φ k = A E φ k s 1 A E φ k s L A E * φ k s * 1 A E * φ k s * L = d s k 1 d s k L d * s k * 1 d * s k * L , k = 1 , , K
(33.a)
μ ϕ k = A E ϕ k s 1 A E ϕ k s L A E * ϕ k s * 1 A E * ϕ k s * L = d s k 1 d s k L d * s k * 1 d * s k * L , k = 1 , , K .
(33.b)

where s k (t) is the k th element of s(t), and

d = a E φ k , ϕ k φ k
(34.a)
d = a E φ k , ϕ k ϕ k
(34.b)

where a E (φ k , k ) is the k th column of A E .

Let

Δ d 1 φ s 1 1 d s K 1 d 1 ϕ s 1 1 d s K 1 d 1 φ s 1 L d s K L d 1 ϕ s 1 L d s 1 L
(35)

and

G A E 0 0 A E , s = s 1 s L
(36)

then μ = Gs G * s * , and

μ s R T = G G * , μ s I T = j G j G *
(37)

According to Equations 35, 36, and 37,

μ ζ T = Δ G j G 0 Δ * G * j G * 0
(38)

Equation 32 can be denoted by

2 Re μ * ζ Γ 1 μ ζ T = J 0 0 0
(39)

where

J 2 σ 2 Re Δ H , Δ T G H , G T - j G H , j G T Δ G j G Δ * G * j G * .

Thus, we just consider the elements related to the angles in J −1. Define

B G H G 1 G H Δ
(40)
F I 0 0 B R I 0 B I 0 I
(41)

We demonstrate that

Δ G j G F = Δ GB G j G = Π G Δ G j G
(42)
Δ * G * j G * F = Δ * G * B * G * j G * = Π G * Δ * G * j G *
(43)

where Π G = I G G H G 1 G H and G H Π G = 0.

F T JF = 2 σ 2 Re F H Δ H , Δ T G H , G T - j G H , j G T Δ G j G Δ * G * j G * F = 2 σ 2 Re Δ H Π G , Δ T Π G G H , G T - j G H , j G T Π G Δ Π G * Δ * G G * j G j G * , = 4 σ 2 Re Δ H Π G Δ 0 0 0 G H G j G H G 0 j G H G G H G
(44)

so J −1 is written as

J 1 = F F T JF 1 F T = σ 2 4 I 0 0 B R I 0 B I 0 I Re Δ H Π G Δ 0 0 0 κ κ 0 κ κ I B R T B I T 0 I 0 0 0 I = σ 2 4 Re Δ H Π G Δ 1 κ κ κ κ κ κ κ κ
(45)

where κ denotes the part we do not concern. Until now, we give the CRB matrix as follows

CRB = σ 2 4 Re Δ H Π G Δ 1 .
(46)

After further simplification, we rewrite the CRB matrix

CRB = σ 2 4 L Re D H Π A E D P T 1
(47)

where stands for Hadamard product. P = 1 L l = 1 L s l s H l , D = [e 1, e 2, , e K , f 1, f 2, , f K ], e k  = ∂ (a(φ k ) h k )/∂ ϕ k , f k  = ∂ (a(φ k ) h k )/∂ φ k , and h k = 1 , u k T T . Π A E = I 4 M A E A E H A E 1 A E H σ 2 is the power of the noise.

5. Simulation results

We define root mean square error (RMSE) as

RMSE = 1 K k = 1 K 1 N n = 1 N a ^ k , n a k 2
(48)

where a ^ k , n is the estimation of elevation angle/azimuth angle a k of the n th Monte Carlo trial. We assume that there are K = 3 sources with angles (φ 1, φ 1) = (10°, 15°), (φ 2, φ 2) = (30°, 35°), and (φ 3, φ 3) = (50°, 55°).

Figures 3 and 4 depict angle estimation results of the proposed algorithm for all three sources with M = 10, L = 200, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) = 0 dB and M = 10, L = 200, SNR = 12dB, respectively. It is shown that the elevation and azimuth angles can be clearly observed.

Figure 3
figure 3

Angle estimation performance of the proposed algorithm with SNR = 0 dB.

Figure 4
figure 4

Angle estimation performance of the proposed algorithm with SNR = 12 dB.

Figures 5 and 6 present the comparisons among our NC-PARAFAC algorithm, ESPRIT algorithm, PARAFAC algorithm, and CRB. From Figures 5 and 6, we can find that the proposed algorithm has better angle estimation performance than ESPRIT algorithm and PM. Furthermore, our NC-PARAFAC algorithm has better angle estimation performance than PARAFAC algorithm since it uses noncircularity to expand the array aperture. Our algorithm requires the noncircularity of signal, while ESPRIT algorithm and PARAFAC algorithm need no knowledge on the noncircularity.

Figure 5
figure 5

Angle estimation performance comparison ( M = 8, L = 200, and K = 3).

Figure 6
figure 6

Angle estimation performance comparison ( M = 6, L = 100, and K = 3).

Figure 7 presents angle estimation performance of the proposed algorithm with M = 10, K = 3 and different values of L. It is indicated in Figure 7 that the angle estimation performance of the proposed algorithm is improved with L increasing.

Figure 7
figure 7

Angle estimation performance with different values of L.

Figure 8 shows angle estimation performance of the proposed algorithm with L = 100, K = 3 and different values of M. From Figure 8, the angle estimation performance of the proposed algorithm is improved with the number of antennas increasing.

Figure 8
figure 8

Angle estimation performance with different values of M.

Figure 9 displays the angle estimation of the proposed algorithm with two closely spaced sources. We assume two close sources located at angles (φ 1, φ 1) = (10°, 15°), (φ 2, φ 2) = (12°, 17°). M = 12, J = 100, K = 2, and SNR = 12 dB are used in Figure 9. It implies that our algorithm works well for two closely spaced sources.

Figure 9
figure 9

Angle estimation performance with two closely spaced sources.

6. Conclusions

In this paper, we have presented an NC-PARAFAC algorithm for 2D-DOA estimation of noncircular signals for acoustic vector-sensor array. The proposed algorithm has better angle estimation performance than the ESPRIT algorithm, PARAFAC algorithm, and PM. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm has a lower computational complexity than PARAFAC algorithm. The proposed algorithm enhances the angle estimation performance via utilizing the noncircularity of the signals, and it can be suitable for arbitrary array subjected to unknown locations and achieve automatically paired two-dimensional angle estimation. We also analyze the complexity and derive the CRB of noncircular signal DOA estimation.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by China NSF grants (61201208, 61271327, 61071164), Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (1201039C), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2012M521099), Open project of the Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology (Xiamen University), Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Wireless Communications (IWC2012002), Open project of the Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing (Nanchang Hangkong University), Open project of the Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustic of the Ministry of Education (Nanjing University), the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (20120152001), by the Qing Lan Project, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NS2013024, NZ2012010, kfjj120115, kfjj20110215).

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Zhang, X., Cao, R. & Zhou, M. Noncircular-PARAFAC for 2D-DOA estimation of noncircular signals in arbitrarily spaced acoustic vector-sensor array subjected to unknown locations. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2013, 107 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-6180-2013-107

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